Intergovernmental Relations & ocean policy change
Intergovernmental Relations & ocean policy change
Intergovernmental Relations
&
ocean policy change
Structure
1. Definition of ocean dumping
2. Changes in ocean dumping policy
3. Factors affecting change in ocean dumping policy
4. Policy change case in Korea : population policy
5. Opinion
1. Definition of ocean dumping
Ocean dumping is defined as any deliberate disposal at sea of wastes or other matter from vessels, aircraft, platforms, or other man-made structure at sea
2. Change...
Intergovernmental Relations
&
ocean policy change
Structure
1. Definition of ocean dumping
2. Changes in ocean dumping policy
3. Factors affecting change in ocean dumping policy
4. Policy change case in Korea : population policy
5. Opinion
1. Definition of ocean dumping
Ocean dumping is defined as any deliberate disposal at sea of wastes or other matter from vessels, aircraft, platforms, or other man-made structure at sea
2. Changes in Ocean Dumping Policy
Federal ocean policy underwent considerable change during the 1980s and the administration of Ronald Reagan.
1970s
strict protection
1980s
management flexibility
2. Changes in Ocean Dumping Policy
1971
Nixon banned unregulated ocean dumping of all materials and placed strict limits on ocean disposal of any materials harmful to the environment
1973
EPA promulgated its final regulations and criteria, which it took a strict, highly restrictive approach toward applying the criteria embodied in the act.
1980
The city of New York brought suit in a federal district court in New York. The court endorsed the arguments by the city and limited the EPA’s ability to terminate ocean dumping of sewage sludge
1971-85
The EPA moved from the strict confrontational protection of the oceans toward a more flexible accommodating posture during the period of 1971-85
3. Factors affecting change in ocean dumping policy
Relatively modest risk as compared to other threats
Changing of socio-cultural attitudes
Changing of intergovernmental relations
4. Policy change case in Korea : population policy
In 1970~1980s
In 2000s
policy focuses reduce of birthrate
policy was changed to promotion of birth
Through case studies, we could understand how policy is changed and see various factors could affect implementing policies like environment policy change.
Legislators change or terminate policies. So implementing policy is not the end of policy cycle, but it is object which is reviewed and changed consistently.
Policy change and evaluation is very important stage in policy cycle. After evaluation, policy is reviewed and if it needs a change, the policy could be reformulated and re-implemented.
5. Opinion
Thank you
_NOTES_1_
1
_NOTES_2_
This is the structure of our presentation.
First, I will explain the definition of ocean dumping.
Second, I will explain changes in ocean dumping policy.
Third, I will discuss factors that affected change in ocean dumping policy.
Fourth, I will introduce policy change case in Korea, which is about population policy.
Finally, I will talk about our group`s opinion.
2
_NOTES_3_
Okay, first, what is ocean dumping
Ocean dumping is defined as any deliberate disposal at sea of wastes or other matter from vessels,
aircraft, platforms, or other man-made structure at sea.
3
_NOTES_4_
Now, I will explain
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자료출처 : http://www.ALLReport.co.kr/search/detail.asp?pk=15127049&sid=ddangkung&key=
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